Santa Claus hasn’t always looked like the jolly old fellow we know today. Like so many other traditions, he’s a blend of many different cultures and customs. His earliest ancestors date back to pre-Christian days, when sky-riding gods ruled the earth. The mythological characters Odin, Thor, and Saturn gave us the basis for many of Santa’s distinctive characteristics.
But the most influential figure in the shaping of today’s generous and loving Santa Claus was a real man. St. Nicholas of Myra (now Turkey), a fourth century bishop. As a champion of children and the needy, he was legendary for his kindness and generosity.
A TRADITION OF BENEVOLENCE
In a well known story illustrating St, Nicholas’ benevolence, we find two of the basic principles of the holiday spirit – giving to others and helping the less fortunate – as well as the tradition of hanging stockings by the fireplace.
According to this legend, there were three Italian maidens whose families had fallen on hard times. Because their father could not afford the dowries necessary for them to marry, he was considering selling one of his daughters into slavery to get dowries for the other two. When the good saint heard of the family’s plight, he went to their home late one night and anonymously tossed three bags of gold down the chimney. Miraculously, a bag fell into each of the sisters stockings, which were hanging by the fire to dry. His kindhearted gift made it possible for all three sisters to marry.
Because of his wisdom and sensitivity, many groups claimed St. Nicholas as their patron saint. Children, orphans, sailors, and even thieves often prayed to the compassionate saint for guidance and protection. Entire countries, including Russia and Greece, also adopted him as their patron saint, as well as students and pawnbrokers.
Throughout his life, St. Nicholas tried to help others while inspiring them to imitate his virtues. Legends of his unselfish giving spread all over Northern Europe, and accounts of his heroic deeds blended with regional folklore. Eventually, the image of the stately saint was transformed onto an almost mystical being, one known for rewarding the good and punishing the bad.
The date of his death, December 6th, was commemorated with an annual feast, which gradually came to mark the beginning of the medieval Christmas season. On St. Nicholas’ Eve, youngsters would set out food for the saint, straw for his horses and schnapps for his attendant. The next morning, obedient children awoke to find their gifts replaced with sweets and toys, naughty ones found their offering untouched , along with a cane. St. Nicholas’ Day is still observed in many countries, and gifts are exchanged in honour of the spirit of brotherhood and charity that he embodied.
THE MAKING OF SANTA CLAUS
In some countries, the festivities of St. Nicholas’ Day were merged with Christmas celebrations, and although the gift-bearer took on new, non-religious forms, he still reflected the saint’s generous spirit.
In Germany, he appeared as Weihnachtsmann, in England as Father Christmas, and in France, as Pèrè Noël, who left small gifts in the children’s shoes. In the areas where St. Nicholas was still portrayed as the gift-bearer, a host of other characters developed to be his assistants. Two of his most well-known helpers were Knecht Ruprecht and the Belsnickle. Depending on the local tradition, they were either attendants to St. Nicholas or gift-bears themselves, but in all cases, both were fearsome characters, brandishing rods and switches. It was not only their duty to reward good children but also to reprove children who were naughty and couldn’t recite their prayers.
Knecht Ruprecht (meaning Servant Rupert) was also known by other names such as Black Peter (so called because he delivered the presents down the chimney for St. Nicholas and became blackened with soot).
In some places, the images, of Knecht Ruprecht and St. Nicholas merged to form Ru Klaus (meaning Rough Nicholas – so named because of his rugged appearance), Aschen Klaus (meaning Ash Nicholas – because he carried a sack of ashes as well as a bundle of switches), and Pelznickle (meaning Furry Nicholas – referring to his fur clad appearance).
Not all of St. Nicholas’ companions were frightening. In fact, the Christkindl (meaning Christ Child) was thought to accompany him in many countries. Often portrayed by a fair-haired young girl, this angelic figure was sometimes the gift-bearer too.
But it was in America that Santa took on the image we have of him today. Immigrants to the New World brought along their various beliefs when they crossed the Atlantic. The Scandinavians introduced gift-giving elves, the Germans brought not only their Belsnickle and Chistkindle but also their decorated trees and the Irish contributed the ancient Gaelic custom of placing a lighted candle in the window.
In the 1600’s, the Dutch presented Sinterklaas (meaning St. Nicholas) to the colonies. In their excitement, many English-speaking children uttered the name so quickly that Sinterklaas sounded like Santy Claus. After years of mispronunciation, the name evolved into Santa Claus.
In 1808, American author Washington Irving created a new version of old St. Nick. This one rode over the treetops in a horse drawn wagon “dropping gifts down the chimneys of his favourites.” Also, the familiar phrase, “…laying his finger beside his nose…,” first appeared in Irving’s story.
That phrase was used again in 1822 in the now-classic poem by Dr. Clement Clarke Moore, “A Visit from St. Nicholas,” more commonly know as “The Night Before Christmas.” His verse gave an Arctic flavour to Santa’s image when he substituted eight tiny reindeer and a sleigh for Irving’s horse and wagon. It is Moore’s description of Santa that we most often think of today: “He had a broad face, and a little round belly, that shook, when he laughed, like a bowl full of jelly.”
Up to this point, Santa’s physical appearance and the colour of his suit were open to individual interpretation. Then in 1863, Thomas Nast, a German immigrant, gave us a visual image of the cheerful giver that was to later become widely accepted.
When Nast was asked to illustrate Moore’s charming verse for a book of children’s poems, he dressed his elfin figure in red and endowed him with human characteristics. Most important of all, Nast gave Santa a home at the North Pole.
Artist Haddon Sundblom added the final touches to Santa’s modern image. Beginning in 1931, his billboard and other advertisements for Coca Cola featured a portly, grandfatherly Santa with human proportions and a ruddy complexion. Sunblom’s exuberant, twinkle-eyed Santa firmly fixed the gift-giver’s image in the public mind.
The History of Santa Claus